KPV

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val)

KPV is a synthetic C-terminal tripeptide fragment of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), comprising the amino acid sequence Lysine-Proline-Valine. It represents the minimal active sequence of α-MSH responsible for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and has been extensively studied in preclinical research as a potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory peptide. Unlike full-length α-MSH, KPV lacks melanocortin receptor agonist activity at MC1R and MC4R, making it a selective tool for investigating the receptor-independent anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the α-MSH C-terminal domain.

Mechanism of Action

KPV exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through multiple mechanisms that are largely independent of classical melanocortin receptor signalling. It directly inhibits NF-κB activation in immune cells and epithelial cells by blocking IκB kinase (IKK) activity and preventing nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, thereby suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8. KPV also inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and reduces caspase-1 activation, limiting IL-1β and IL-18 maturation. Additionally, KPV has demonstrated direct antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and has been shown to penetrate intestinal epithelial cells via the PepT1 transporter, supporting its investigation in gastrointestinal inflammation research models.

Research Applications

• NF-κB pathway inhibition and pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression studies
• NLRP3 inflammasome modulation and caspase-1 activation research
• Gastrointestinal inflammation, IBD, and intestinal epithelial barrier research
• PepT1-mediated peptide transport and intestinal uptake investigation
• Antimicrobial peptide activity and innate immune defence research

Specifications

• Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₂₈N₄O₄
• Molecular Weight: 342.43 g/mol
• CAS Number: 67727-97-3
• Purity: ≥98%
• Form: Lyophilised powder
• Storage: -20°C
• Shelf Life: 24 months

This product is intended for legitimate laboratory and analytical research use only. Not for diagnostic, therapeutic, or consumer use.